For Every Girl Taking Classes at the Martial Arts
Jordan
Orientation
Identification. The Emirate of Transjordan was the name given to this small state when it was recognized in 1921, after the plummet of the Ottoman Empire and the promulgation of the Balfour Proclamation. It was not until 1946 that Transjordan became a completely sovereign land. In 1950, Transjordan merged with office of Palestine to form the Jordan. Amman is the upper-case letter and the largest city.
Location and Geography. Jordan has an area of near 35,475 square miles (91,900 square kilometers). Information technology lies in the center of the Middle E, sharing its northern border with Syria, eastern edge with Iraq, it'due south southern and eastern borders with Kingdom of saudi arabia, and western border with the Jordan River, the Dead Sea, and Israel. Its only seaport is the port of Aqaba. Jordan has barren deserts, fertile valleys, and colorful rock and sand mountains. Information technology contains the everyman signal on earth, the Expressionless Sea, and the Dandy Rift Valley, which was created twenty million years ago when tectonic plates shifted, stretching from Lake Tiberius southward through Jordan and into eastern Africa.
Demography. In 1946, the population was about 400,000; in 1997, information technology reached 4.6 million, a figure twice that of 1981. Subsequently the 1967 war with Israel and Iraq's 1990 invasion of State of kuwait, there were sudden and massive influxes of Palestinian Arab refugees, who now brand up more 2-thirds of the population. In 1996, 1,359,000 Palestinian refugees living in Jordan were registered with United Nations; 250,000 Palestinians continue to alive in ten refugee camps. Nomadic people, predominantly Bedouin, account for more than than 10 percent of the total population. The population is immature, with a birthrate that is double the world boilerplate; 43 percent of the people are under age 15. Past the year 2012, the population is expected to double.
Linguistic Affiliation. Arabic is the official language. English is taught to all students and is widely spoken.
Symbolism. The flag has black, white, and light-green horizontal stripes with a cerise triangle on the hoist side bearing a white seven-pointed star. The flag of the Palestinian people is identical but does not accept the white star.
History and Ethnic Relations
Emergence of the Nation. The Nabateans built the capital of their ancient Arab kingdom, Petra, in what is now Hashemite kingdom of jordan between 400 B.C.E. and 160 C.E. From Mountain Nebo in western Jordan, many people believe that Moses saw the Promised Land. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed after four hundred years of dominion, Britain divided upwardly the Fertile Crescent, and mod Jordan was built-in.
National Identity. Jordan is the simply Arab country where Palestinians can become citizens. The differentiation between Jordanians, Bedouins, and Palestinians is clear in this society. Jordanians are defined as residents who have lived eastward of the Jordan River since before 1948. Palestinians are divers as residents whose birthright extends back to areas west of the Hashemite kingdom of jordan River. People of Bedouin descent are considered to exist of the purest Arab stock.
Indigenous Relations. In deserts with little vegetation and water, Bedouin families have lived in the traditional manner for thousands of years. They roam freely and pay little attending to borders. Bedouins form the core of the army, occupying cardinal positions, even though their political influence is diminishing. Palestinians are typically referred to as educated, difficult-working people, and their influence in Jordan has resulted in a greater emphasis on education and
Jordan
the development of a richer, global economy. Jordanians who no longer espouse the Bedu nomad lifestyle are gradually accepting the standards of the modern Arab world.
Urbanism, Compages, and the Use of Space
Nearly people live in one- or two-room apartments or houses. Affluent urban families live in larger apartments or individual homes. Buildings and homes are fabricated of concrete, and some are made of mud and stone, with a blueprint that allows more floors to exist added, to create apartments for married sons. Privacy is very important, and many homes and other buildings open up into individual courtyards with concrete walls. Nomadic farmers live in tents made from the hides and fur of their animals. Amman's appearance reflects a Western influence, with mod hotels and commercial buildings. Streets are identified and numbered in an inefficient manner, and maps are hard to read and often useless.
Food and Economy
Food in Daily Life. An aboriginal legend tells of an Arabian shepherd who half-dozen k years agone put his supply of milk in a pouch fabricated from a sheep's tum before making a journey across the desert. The rennet in the lining of the pouch, combined with the estrus of the sun, caused the milk to class curds, and cheese was discovered. Bedouin farmers keep herds of goats and sheep whose milk is used to produce cheese and yogurt. A pop cheese is called halloumi (similar to feta), made from goat or sheep milk and often served in a sandwich of pita-way bread or cubed in salads. Rice, legumes, olives, yogurt, apartment breads, vegetables (cauliflower, eggplant, potatoes, okra, tomatoes, and cucumbers), lamb or chicken, and fruits (apricots, apples, bananas, melons, and oranges) form the basis for nigh meals. Master dishes of rice with spices are eaten well-nigh daily. The primary meal typically is served during the heart of the afternoon. A covering is placed on the floor, with a big tray of rice and meat placed in the center surrounded by small dishes of yogurt and salad. Torn pieces of bread are folded in one-half and used to scoop the food. The left manus is never used to feed oneself.
Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. When people visit family unit and friends, tea, Turkish-manner or Arabic-style java, or fruit juice is served. Often this repast includes sweets, peculiarly on holidays. The national main dish is Mansaf, which consists of lamb cooked in dried yogurt and served with seasoned rice on flat breadstuff. Mansaf is ever served on holidays and special family occasions such as visits to relatives or friends, engagements, and weddings.
Bones Economy. The economic system is based on gratuitous enterprise. The service sector, consisting of government, tourism, transportation, advice, and financial services contributes the near to the economy, employing 70 percent of the workforce. Amman has developed into a regional business organisation centre.
Land Tenure and Property. Land ownership is the goal of many, only few tin can afford the cost. Except for the very wealthy, nearly people live in rented housing.
Commercial Activities. Because well-nigh of the state is desert, less than iv percent of the country is cultivated. Natural resources are deficient, and no oil has been found. The country's archaeological sites describe more than two million visitors a yr.
Major Industries. Potash, phosphate, and gypsum mining and the manufacturer of cement, fertilizers, and refined petroleum products are the largest industries.
Merchandise. Jordan is among the world's peak three potash exporters. Since the Gulf State of war, the number of immigrants has increased profoundly, leading to a severe merchandise deficit and a labor market place that has not produced enough jobs.
Sectionalisation of Labor. Jordan's economy is heavily impacted past its location in the Middle E, the barren landscape, its human relationship with its neighbors, and its dependence on foreign assist. Its largest sectors are finance, which employs 22 percentage of its labor forcefulness; transportation, which employs 16 per centum; and the industrial sector, which employs 17 percentage. Tourism offers the greatest prospect for development.
Social Stratification
Jordan'south political and social systems are a mix of new and old, traditional and non-traditional, Bedouin and Palestinian.
Classes and Castes. All social and political systems of Hashemite kingdom of jordan are centered around extended patriarchal family units based on ancestry and wealth. Family units are oftentimes led past sheikhs whose rule depends on the size of their families, their wealth, and the will of their personalities. After the decease of a sheikh, the eldest son ascends to the position of head of the family unit.
Symbols of Social Stratification. The emerging modern Arab civilization values a college education, Mercedes cars, and a home in an urban area as symbols of success. Even so, in traditional Arab culture, camel breeders are still considered to be highest on the social scale. Traditional clans consider anyone outside their clan to be inferior, and so the tradition of only marrying a person from within their families continues.
Political Life
Regime. Since 1951, Jordan has been a ramble hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary course of government. Information technology is politically stable, with freedom of religion, the press, and individual property guaranteed. In that location is an ongoing program of democratization. In 1989 parliamentary elections were instituted, and since that time, martial law has been lifted and political parties accept been legalized. Elections were held in 1993 and 1997.
Leadership and Political Officials. In 1999, King Hussein, the longest-serving head of country in the earth, died. Hussein's oldest son, Prince Abdullah,
Buildings in Amman, a city that reflects western influence.
succeeded him. King Abdullah Ibn al-Hussein has indicated that he intends to follow his begetter's policies. He wields broad ability over the authorities and appoints the prime number government minister.
Jordan's present legislative branch consists of an eighty-member elected Lower Business firm and a forty-member Upper Business firm. After a bill is approved by the Lower House and Senate, it is given to the Male monarch, who either grants consent by Purple Prescript or returns the nib unapproved. Jordan's Constitution guarantees an contained judicial branch, dividing the courts into 3 categories: civil, religious, and special courts. The Jordanian civil legal system has its foundations in the Code Napoléon, a French legal lawmaking.
Social Problems and Control. Many of the country's laws are based on the Koran and the Hadith, a collection of Mohammed'due south sayings. These laws are enforced in religious courts called Sharia courts, which have jurisdiction over personal matters. Chastity is demanded of all single women. If a adult female'south guiltlessness is compromised, a male relative may experience obligated to murder her to save the family's honor. When these cases get to court, often the charges are dropped or the murderer receives a short sentence.
Jordan has a low crime rate by international standards, with few niggling crimes such as robbery reported.
Military Activity. Hashemite kingdom of jordan maintains an army, an air force, and a pocket-sized navy. The total forcefulness of the war machine in 1998 was 104,000 active members and 35,000 reserves. At that place is a paramilitary forcefulness that includes twenty yard ceremonious militia members and 10 one thousand public security officers. Jordan is a leader of peace efforts in the Middle East and is at peace with its neighbors.
Social Welfare and Change Programs
There is not a comprehensive welfare scheme, but the government administers medical and health services.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations
Nongovernmental organizations are involved with the environs, women, children, and economic issues. The royal family unit is supportive of many charitable foundations. Thirty miles north of Amman, Jerash hosts an annual summertime Festival of Civilization and Arts administered by the Noor Al-Hussein Foundation. The Jordanian Hashemite Fund for Man Development has social development centers throughout the country that help women and children.
Gender Roles and Statuses
Sectionalization of Labor by Gender. Most women take their lives controlled by their closest male person relatives. Despite the limitations placed on them, they accept made advances in education in a country where the do of educating women merely began three or iv decades ago. Balancing customs and traditions at home with obedience to their husbands and the demands of a career remains a difficult challenge. When women work, they receive extensive benefits and sometimes equal pay. The 1997 census placed the proportion of women in the workforce at 14 percent, upwardly from eight percent in 1979. The unofficial unemployment rate for women is 65 percent.
The Relative Condition of Women and Men. Sons are prized, and this status continues throughout adulthood. Well-nigh Muslim women cover their heads with scarves. A modest minority cover their heads and faces with a veil. Segregation of the sexes occurs all public situations, and there is express interaction between
Workmen lay a water pipeline in the Jordan Valley. Well-nigh of Hashemite kingdom of jordan is desert.
men and women. It is common for women to consume apart from men in restaurants. Unless they are married or related, men and women exercise not sit together on public transportation.
Marriage, Family unit, and Kinship
Marriage. Getting married and having children are meridian priorities. Most marriages are arranged by the begetter of the bride. Frequently cousins ally each other, and the couple may barely know each other until the date is announced. The wedding has 2 celebrations: an appointment party and a wedding party. After the engagement party, the procedure of dating and getting to know each other begins. After the engaged adult female and human accept signed the papers at the engagement party, they are legally married. If they choose not to go on, even though they accept not lived together, they must divorce. Brides must exist virgins on the wedding night. Afterwards marriage, every aspect of a woman'south life is dictated by her husband. She cannot obtain a passport or travel outside the country without his written approval. At whatever time, a hubby may have another wife. Polygamy with upwards to four wives is legal. Divorce is legal. When there is a divorce, custody of the children automatically goes to the father, and for this reason, women cull to remain in a wedlock even when there are other wives. Divorced women are viewed as outcasts.
Domestic Unit. The typical family is extended, with family size decreasing since 1979 to most 6 members per family. The scarcity of natural resources, especially the chronic shortage of h2o, makes population command vital. To slow the rapid growth rate, birth spacing programs have increased awareness of the benefits of family planning, and many wives now use contraceptives.
Inheritance. Inheritance is guided past Islamic police. A woman receives one-half the corporeality that a human being receives.
Kin Groups. Kinship relationships are patriarchal. Extended family ties govern social relationships and tribal organization.
Socialization
Infant Care. Women are principal caregivers for infants and modest children. Later the first son is built-in, the begetter and mother accept the name of the son. If the son'south name is Mohammed, the father becomes Abu Mohammed, significant "father of Mohammed," and the mother becomes Om Mohammed, or "female parent of Mohammed."
Bedouin adult female preparing a meal. Free-wandering Bedouins have lived in the traditional way for thousands of years.
Child Rearing and Didactics. Children dear to belly-trip the light fantastic toe with people watching and clapping their hands and women making a vocal expression by moving their tongues rapidly back and along between their lips. Primary education is free and compulsory, starting at the age of six years until a child is sixteen years onetime. The United Nations Relief and Works Bureau for Palestine Refugees provides schooling for Palestinian refugees. Outside the classroom, children participate in few activities away from the family.
Higher Teaching. All students are required to take an extensive examination chosen Tawjehieh before graduating from secondary school and equally a prerequisite for inbound universities and colleges. The top male and female students attend state universities and numerous private colleges. The literacy rate is over 86 pct.
Etiquette
Greetings and farewells are lengthy and sincere. Fifty-fifty answering a telephone involves saying "how are you lot?" in several different ways. Visitors and/or friends frequently are invited into homes for dinner, where they are showered with kindness and food. Women wearing apparel modestly and ofttimes are offended past exposed flesh. Well-nigh Muslims do non beverage booze. Shoes are e'er removed before inbound a mosque, and this custom extends to homes as well. Shib-shibs (flip-flop sandals) are ever put on earlier inbound a bathroom, the feet and are never put on a coffee table, footstool, or desk-bound. It is forbidden and disrespectful to expose the bottoms of the feet. Same-sex friends hold hands, hug, and kiss in public, but there is limited touching betwixt men and women. A human does not shake easily with a woman unless she offers her manus first.
Religion
Religious Behavior. The state religion is Muslim, as indicated in the constitution. Ninety percent of the population adheres to the Sunni branch. Virtually 6 percent of the people are Christian.
Religious Practitioners. Imams, leaders of prayer in a Muslim mosque, concord an important function in this Muslim country. In most smaller and rural communities they are the political leaders as well.
Rituals and Holy Places. Hashemite kingdom of jordan has a rich religious history. For Jews and Christians, it is part of the Holy Land, sacred for its connexion to the Jewish patriarchs Abraham and Moses, as well as Christian biblical figures such equally John the Baptist. Jordan is equally of import in the history of Islam, every bit many tombs of Prophet Mohammed'southward companions are located in Hashemite kingdom of jordan. Jordan is where the non-Arab world start contacted Islam more than than xv hundred years ago.
Ane of the five essential Pillars practiced by Muslims is the recitation of prayers five times a day. Calls to prayers are announced publicly by mosques and can exist heard throughout the nation. The devout unroll a small prayer carpeting and face up Mecca to pray. Ramadan, the ninth calendar month of the Islamic calendar, is a time of fasting from sunrise until sunset. Most public restaurants practise not open for concern until merely earlier sunset. Throughout Ramadan and the celebration commemorating its end, of families marking the occasion with large feasts and special sweets. Another Colonnade of Islam is the Hajj, the holy pilgrimage made at least once during a lifetime to Mecca. Many pilgrims travel through Hashemite kingdom of jordan on the manner to Mecca in Saudi Arabia.
Medicine and Health Intendance
Excellent medical care is available, especially in Amman. For the typical family, finding the money to pay for medical insurance and preventive care is hard. Life expectancy is lx-seven years for mens and 70 years for women. Most children are fully immunized.
Secular Celebrations
Jordanians follow the Islamic calendar. National holidays include Arbor Twenty-four hour period (15 January), Arab League Mean solar day (22 March), and Independence Mean solar day (25 May). Religious holidays include Id al-Fitr (the stop of Ramadan), Id al-Adha (the Feast of the Sacrifice), the Islamic New Year, the birthday of Mohammed, and Leilat al-Meiraj (the Ascent of Mohammed).
The Arts and Humanities
Support for the Arts. In 2000, King Abdullah ordered that government workers be given Fridays and Saturdays off, hoping they would observe fourth dimension to develop new interests and travel to sites such as Petra. The government promotes cultural festivals, encourages the revival of handicrafts, and takes steps to preserve the country'south archaeological and historical heritage.
Literature. The country's most famous poet is Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal, who is among the major Arab poets of the twentieth century. Al-Tal was a political and social activist who devoted 20 years of his life to regaining the rights of gypsies and became a fellow member of the gypsy community.
Graphic Arts. Folk fine art survives in tapestries, leather crafts, pottery, and ceramics. Wool and goat hair rugs with colorful tribal designs are manufactured.
Functioning Arts. Popular culture takes the form of songs, ballads, and storytelling. Villagers have special songs for births, weddings, funerals, planting, plowing, and harvesting.
The State of the Physical and Social Sciences
Since the 1960s, a number of higher learning institutions take opened in Jordan, foremost amidst them the Academy of Hashemite kingdom of jordan (1962) in Amman, Yarmouk University (1976) in Irbid, and Jordanian Academy Science and Technology (1996) in Irbnil. These centers are recognized for their Islam, Standard arabic language, and Middle East peace and disharmonize studies.
Bibliography
Chebaro, Lina, Halawani, Bassam, and Nix Mosbah. Standard arabic Cooking Pace by Step, 1997.
Dallas, Roland. King Hussein: A Life on the Edge, 1998.
De Blij, H. J., and Peter O. Muller. Geography: Regions and Concepts, 6th ed., 1991.
Discovery Channel. Jordan Insight Guide, 1999.
Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock. In Search of Islamic Feminism: Ane Woman's Global Journey, 1998.
Friedman, Thomas 50. From Beirut to Jerusalem, 1995.
Goodwin, January. Cost of Award: Muslim Women Elevator the Veil of Silence on the Islamic Earth, 1994.
Hussein, Male monarch of Hashemite kingdom of jordan. Uneasy Lies the Caput: The Autobiography of His Majesty King Hussein I of the Hashemite Kingdom of Hashemite kingdom of jordan, 1962.
——. My War With Israel, 1969.
Sedlaczek, Brigitte. Petra: Art and Fable, 1997.
Shumsky, Adaia and Abraham. A Bridge across the Jordan: The Friendship between a Jewish Carpenter and the King of Jordan, 1997.
Viorst, Milton. Sandcastles: The Arabs in Search of the Modern World, 1994.
Web Sites
The Hashemite Kingdom of Hashemite kingdom of jordan (official government site). http://world wide web.kinghussein.gov.jo
The Hashemite kingdom of jordan Star. http://star.arabia/com
Palestinian National Authorisation. http://www.pna.net
—D ARLENE Due south CHMIDT
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